Introduction
Macapat song is
the result of the new Javanese literature that developed after a period of
Javanese and Middle Javanese. At that moment, a lot happened restoration
(renaissance) Javanese literary texts are written back to the new Java language
and the new meter as well or better known as fiber exegesis (Saputra, 2001:
22). For example, in Surakarta era (early 18th century) came the work reclaimed
some of which Rama Fibers, Fiber Arjunawiwaha, Dewa Ruci Fiber, and Fiber
Lokapala. The famous poet in those days was R.Ng. Yasadipura I and II, R.Ng.
Ranggawarsita, Kanjeng Susuhunan Paku Buwana IV, KGPAA Mangkunegara, etc..
Besides works of literary endeavor, there are also a variety of fibers that are
written in the form of song macapat meter (poetry), geguritan (Javanese poetry
free), even prose (prose). However, the tradition of writing songs macapat who
occupy the top with a variety of fibers such as Java, which appears Kalatidha
Fiber, Fiber Tripama, Wedhatama Fiber, Fiber Wulangreh, etc..
As a result of the work of its
author, born macapat song which incidentally is a new form of Javanese literary
works are influenced by the spirit of the times (zeit Geist) that surrounded
him. This is the basic concept of the individual as part of a society can not
escape from the friction of social penetration in both the thought and work. It
thus affecting the work and the human mind is inseparable from a sense of
tradition and culture of a particular area, where the individual has
experienced a meaningful communication in their lives. The ability of
imagination and creativity of individuals is then poured through all the
creativity that is owned by the style of his peculiarities, so that the
thoughts which are considered to have significance in the days of the sociocultural lives of others can be enjoyed.
The ability to capture and interpret sociocultural phenomenon that is manifested in ideas, thoughts, and his work
shows that individuals are social beings that can not be separated from the
interference of other people, cultures and traditions around, where it lived,
and lived in a particular community . Thus, these individuals have become
subjects in a community for ideas, ideas, thoughts that exist in his work, so
it can be considered to represent a particular community. It can thus be
understood that the work can be understood more complex individuals, not just
limited to the structure of the work alone, but rather on the appearance of the
work elements of sociology.
There
is behind the creation of literary macapat song?
In accordance with
the above concepts, the individual author macapat song as part of the community
implies that what he thinks, the issues raised and delivered through his work
is a reflection and representation of social life. These issues are then
embodied in literary texts and in sing bermetrum with certain conventions.
It is closely related to Julia Kristeva's opinion that the world is text, the
author stayed put them in certain symbols. Likewise A.Teeuw who believes that
literature is not born of a mere emptiness. In this sense, an author must not
only describe the social world is raw and candid. According Damono (1978: 13),
essentially literary works of great authors describe the anxieties, hopes, and
aspirations of man. The work is one of the most effective sociological
barometer to measure the human response to social forces. As the literature
that always reflects the values and social sense, it can be predicted that
the harder it will conduct an analysis of the literature as a mirror of society
because society is increasingly becoming complex.
Literature as a mirror (mirror)
people often express the struggle of mankind in the future of the imagination,
feelings and intuition. This understanding is not simply assume that literature
is a copy (replica) of crude reality, but reality has been interpreted. This is
a coloring of literary texts in the context of this literature is considered as
an illusion of reality (reflection) is smooth and beautiful (Endraswara, 2003:
78). Talking about the struggles of life that can color the literary texts,
Goldman (via Endraswara, 2003: 79) states that it is influenced by several
factors, among others: (1) the human tendency to adapt itself to the
circumstances which influence the individuals rational and significant
character in the correlation with the environment, (2) a tendency to coherence
in the global restructuring process, and (3) by itself it has a dynamic nature
and the tendency to change even the structure of the human into the structure.
For instance the fiber Kalatidha written by Ranggawarsita for example, what is
written in his work is a representation of the bound state of the environment.
This analysis is of course by looking at the sign in and checked the work when,
where, and how the work was born. Kalatidha fibers can be interpreted as a cry
of inner poet to face the fact that contrary to the human side. Ranggawarsita
who lived during the Paku Buwana Buwana IV to IX (1802-1973) had inner
turmoil of uncertainty. Political dynamics and the Dutch intervention in the
turn of the throne rending feelings. In this case, he had two good suppression
of the palace and Dutch colonialism. The following 2 (two) of 12 (twelve)
temple Kalatidha fibers which are imaged bermetrum macapat Sinom author and
society:
Bait 3:
Katetangi tangisira,
sira sang parameng kawi,
kawilet ing tyas
dhuhkita,
kataman ing reh wirangi,
dening upaya sandi,
sumaruna anarawung,
mangimur manuhara,
met pamrih melik pakolih,
temah suha ing karsa
tanpa wiweka.
Bait 7: Amenangi jaman
edan,
ewuh aya ing pambudi
melu edan nora tahan,
yen tan melu anglakoni,
boya keduman melik,
kaliren wekasanipun,
dilalah karsa Allah,
begja-begjane kang lali,
luwih begja kang eling
lawan waspada.
meaning:
Cried the poet the beat
(because of) entangled feelings of sadness,
embarrassed by the acts of slander which interrupts
chipped entertaining captivate
to seek self-interest acquisition,
so it fell apart
desire without caution.
Meet crazy times, it is difficult to address,
go crazy not stand, if it does not take no
go to acquisition, end hunger,
the will of God no matter how lucky
people forget his more fortunate people
the recall and alert.
Array-array self song refers to the authors who express
concern over the social phenomenon at the time the work was born. Crazy times
it's not just happening at the present moment or the future as well as some
forecasts that we often hear. At Ranggawarsita life, he has experienced what he
called crazy times. Struggle of the individual life of a writer then drawn up
in the form of literature, where literature is a means of communication that
can not be transmitted by other means (non-transmittable by other means). In
this context, the literature can be used as an instrument of peace for the
master minds of others in establishing the hegemony of a given society.
The author is a part of society that
can not be separated from the rules and customs. In practice, in a particular
environment are turbulence and interests that are not delivered to the point.
This is to avoid stress, conflict, and hostility spontaneously (directly
addressed). This was discussed by Max Adereth (via Damono, 1978: 50-51) of his
ideas about literature and literary involvement in politics and ideology (or
what he called the literature involved / litterature engagee). The implication
is that the literature contains a power that can be used to convey messages
(political propaganda) by using certain signs. If the signs are arranged either
in a literary work it is necessary to force a certain knowledge to know the
meaning conveyed in the work of the author. Signs (signs) that exist in the
structures and signs are strung in accordance with certain conventions of
literary creation must have a function. Thus, if the literary work has three
criteria can be criticized, it will be true (according to the conventions of
literature) is different from the way a lot of popular explores the human sides
of the critics (involving emotions, interests, good-bad, etc.). These songs
macapat (sekar Dhandhanggula in fiber Tripama KGPAA work Mangkunegara IV) in
accordance with the discussion above:
Yogyanira kang para
prajurit,
lamun bisa samya
anuladha,
kadya nguni caritane,
andelira sang Prabu,
Sasrabahu ing Maespati,
aran Patih Suwanda,
lelabuhanipun,
kang ginelung tri
prakara,
guna kaya purune kang den
antepi,
nuhoni trah utama.
Lire lelabuhan tri
prakawis,
guna bisa saniskareng
karya,
binudi dadi unggule,
kaya sayektinipun,
duk bantu prang Magada
nagri,
amboyong putri dhomas,
katur ratunipun,
purune sampun tetela,
aprang tandhing lan ditya
Ngalengka aji,
Suwanda mati ngrana
meaning:
O soldiers should imitate as much venom
ancient story, namely the King's right hand in Maespati Sasrabahu
named Patih Suwanda. Provision of service to include three
things: for, rich, danpurun is always held as the main man.
The third provision of the service: a versatile means to
strive to always be successful, rich means sacrifice against the country and
bring the princess Magada dihaturkan domas for the king. Purun, dare to go to
war against giant Suwanda Alengka to fall on the battlefield.
Cakepan song Dhandhanggula above can be
interpreted as a doctrine of authority (boss) on the people of his
subordinates. As a courtier, Mangkunegara IV requires an appropriate means to
perpetuate the hegemony of the palace and literature as part of the culture
apparatus. Through diction, diction and in sing way with a certain
aesthetic to evoke the spirit of devotion subordinate to his superiors. Without
realizing it true that there are no political hypnosis in literary texts. So
how is the relationship of ideology espoused by the author? Here are excerpts
macapat Pocung (commonly used in the piece gerongan Pocung) containing the
ideology:
Pancasila
dhasar nagri panggah kukuh,
panggayuhing
bangsa,
murih
mulya lahir batin,
gemah
ripah panjang punjung tur raharja.
Ideology is a view showing the human understanding of the
world. Referring Pocung of song above, implied that the author of the adherents
of the ideology of Pancasila. If the song is diresepsi and was able to convince
his readers, it means that the author has managed to lead the reader into the
ideology that brought. Such literature contains ideas that can be used to
foster certain social attitudes. This is great literature, in addition to
functioning as Dulce et utile (useful and entertaining) literature
basically implies intent (the mandate) and the meaning of content (theme) (by
Maryun-Mer).
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